5G wireless communication networks require very tight time synchronization at every node to maximize spectrum usage efficiency and capacity throughput. All Remote Radio Heads (RRH) must be time synchronized to +/- 1.5 us in their base mode of operation. If your RRH timing drifts outside of this range, it will shut down to avoid interfering with adjacent cells.

Prior generation wireless networks relied heavily on a secure Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) to provide a traceable time reference for all the source clocks in the Radio Access Network (RAN). Well-engineered GNSS-based clocks can easily provide +/- 100 ns Primary Reference Time Clock (PRTC) timing accuracy. Table 1 shows the timing accuracy for common source clocks as defined by the ITU for use in communications networks.

Table 1. Primary Reference Time Clock (PRTC) types available for 5G.

4G wireless networks have been built out with high-capacity GNSS traceable (PRTC-A) PTP grandmaster clocks located in core RAN sites. Can the 4G core RAN clocks cover all 5G timing needs?

5G Challenge with GNSS

5G operators face two major challenges with deployment of GNSS-based source clocks.

First, 5G networks are very dense, often requiring ten times as many source clocks compared to prior generation networks. That means ten times as many GNSS antennas to install and maintain. GNSS antennas are already installed in core/RAN sites, but not out in 5G aggregations sites. GNSS antennas are a headache you would rather avoid!

And second, GNSS is vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks such as jamming and spoofing. Your 5G radios have a minimum holdover time and will quickly begin interfering with other radios in the same spectrum if GNSS is compromised due to failures or other vulnerabilities such as jamming.

Are GNSS Cybersecurity Threats Real?

In a word – yes. And, government agencies are finally stepping forward to do something about it. If you don’t believe GNSS threats are real, spend a few minutes searching them out on the internet. Frankly, it has become common place and is now classified as a matter of public safety. The below table shows some of the recent government actions to address this cybersecurity threat.

Table 2. Government initiatives to address GNSS cybersecurity.

What do I need to do to adhere to the new DHS Resilient PNT Framework?

Level 1 means your 5G network will go offline during a GNSS threat, but it will self-recover when GNSS service resumes. Not a great experience for your customers. Levels 2 and 3 outline incremental levels of protection, but the DHS call to action is to engineer critical infrastructures for Level 4 security. Level 4 protection means your 5G system will be able to detect and mitigate the GNSS threat and continue to operate without any degradation of services.

How Can Microchip Help Achieve DHS Level 4 Protection?

Microchip’s innovative new timing architecture – the virtual Primary Reference Time Clock (vPRTC) – uses protected core ePRTC timing sites as redundant area timing hubs for your network. Our TimeProvider® 4100 ePRTC connects with your core cesium atomic clocks to combine the internal GNSS reference with the atomic clock to provide an autonomous timing reference for your 5G network.

The ePRTC achieves 30 ns accuracy when locked to GNSS and can maintain 100 ns accuracy for a minimum of 14 days if GNSS is lost. This architecture helps to deliver a new resiliency – which in turn helps network operators provide uninterrupted services to their clients.

Bi-directional protected timing flows deliver required 5G timing accuracy without the need for GNSS at 5G aggregation sites.

The above diagram shows how redundant core ePRTC sites can be deployed for a 5G network. Bidirectional protected Precision Time Protocol (PTP) timing flows from the “west” and “east” core ePRTC sites to all 5G aggregation sites. Most communications networks use ring or mesh architectures with bi-directional traffic flows for high availability even if fiber cuts occur that may disrupt traffic flows in one direction. Ring and mesh architectures can also be configured for bi-directional redundant timing flows. Operators and optical equipment suppliers have presented technical papers on similar timing architectures at the International Timing and Synchronization Forum (ITSF) conference in November 2021 ^{2, 3, 4} demonstrating field results supporting timing accuracy and resiliency.

Microchip’s TimeProvider 4100 clocks at 5G aggregation sites are configured in High Performance Boundary Clock (HPBC) mode to receive timing from the core “east” and “west” sites with an error budget of less than 5 ns. If timing flow from the west is lost, the clock will instantly switch to the protected east flow to maintain required timing accuracy for the network without the need for a GNSS receiver at the aggregation sites.

The southbound PTP flow out to the RRHs is protected by the bi-directional timing flows from the core east and west ePRTC sites. Your core timing sites can also be protected with the BlueSky™ GNSS Firewall technology to monitor GNSS observables, detect potential jamming or spoofing threats and shield them from impacting core ePRTC sites.

Author Barry Dropping

References:

1. Department of Homeland Security; Resilient Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Conformance Framework Version 1.0. December 2020.
2. Helmut Imlau, Deutsche Telekom, “Resilience for Timing & Synchronization Networks,” International Timing and Synchronization Forum, November 2021.
3. Helmut Fabian, A1 Telekom, “Implementation of Reliable Synchronization for 5G,” International Timing & Synchronization Forum, November 2021.
4. Jon Baldry, Infinera, “Key Enablers for Migration to Timing Cloud Synchronization Distribution in Optical Transport Networks,” International Timing & Synchronization Forum, November 2021.)

Why Buy From Syncworks?

In addition to the cutting-edge technology of the Microchip Frequency, Timing & Synchronization eqiupment, our Syncworks team offers a comprehensive support package to ensure you are always in sync. We provide 24/7 support, testing, and provisioning of all new equipment, ensuring seamless integration into your network. Our turnkey installation process includes verification and training of your staff to ensure that your infrastructure is fully optimized and your team is confident in its operation. This level of service guarantees that your investment  is backed by expert support every step of the way.